Ingrown Toenail Surgery

Table of Contents

Ingrown toenails are a common and painful condition that many people experience at some point in their lives. While some cases can be managed with home remedies and conservative treatments, others may require ingrown toenail surgery. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore all aspects of ingrown toenail surgery, including its types, benefits, risks, recovery, and much more.

Introduction
- Understanding Ingrown Toenails
- When Surgery Becomes Necessary
Types of Ingrown Toenail Surgery
- Partial Nail Avulsion
- Total Nail Avulsion
- Wedge Resection
- Matrixectomy
Benefits of Ingrown Toenail Surgery
- Immediate Pain Relief
- Prevention of Infections
- Permanent Nail Correction
- Improved Quality of Life
Risks and Complications
- Infection
- Recurrence
- Nail Regrowth Abnormalities
- Allergic Reactions
Preparing for Ingrown Toenail Surgery
- Choosing the Right Surgeon
- Preoperative Instructions
- What to Expect on the Day of Surgery
The Surgical Procedure
- Anesthesia Options
- Surgical Techniques
- Duration of Surgery
Recovery and Aftercare
- Postoperative Pain Management
- Dressing and Bandaging
- Keeping the Area Clean
- Monitoring for Complications
Expected Results
- Nail Regrowth
- Scarring
- Lifestyle Improvements
Alternatives to Surgery
- Home Remedies
- Over-the-Counter Treatments
- Prescription Medications
- Orthopedic Devices
Frequently Asked Questions
- Can Ingrown Toenails Heal on Their Own?
- How Long Does Recovery Take?
- Is Ingrown Toenail Surgery Painful?
- What If the Ingrown Toenail Returns?
Conclusion
- A Step Towards Pain-Free Feet

1. Introduction

Understanding Ingrown Toenails

Ingrown toenails, medically known as onychocryptosis, occur when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes infection. This condition is most commonly seen in the big toe, but it can affect any toenail. Ingrown toenails can make walking and wearing shoes uncomfortable, significantly impacting one’s quality of life.

Ingrown toenails typically develop due to various factors, including:

Improper nail trimming: Cutting your toenails too short or not cutting them straight across can encourage the nail to grow into the skin.
Ill-fitting shoes: Tight shoes, especially those with narrow toe boxes, can squeeze the toes and push the nails into the skin.
Injury: Stubbing your toe or dropping something heavy on it can lead to ingrown toenails.
Genetics: Some individuals have a genetic predisposition to ingrown toenails due to the shape and structure of their toenails.

When Surgery Becomes Necessary

While mild cases of ingrown toenails can often be managed with home remedies and conservative treatments, more severe cases may require surgical intervention. Ingrown toenail surgery is considered when:

The pain and discomfort persist despite home treatments.
The ingrown toenail becomes infected, leading to pus, redness, and warmth.
There are recurrent ingrown toenails.
There is an underlying nail deformity or abnormal nail growth.

In such cases, surgery can provide lasting relief and prevent further complications.

2. Types of Ingrown Toenail Surgery

Several surgical techniques can be used to treat ingrown toenails, depending on the severity of the condition and the patient’s specific needs. The most common types of ingrown toenail surgery include:

Partial Nail Avulsion

Partial nail avulsion is one of the most common procedures for treating ingrown toenails. In this surgery, only a portion of the toenail is removed. The surgeon typically numbs the toe with a local anesthetic, then uses special instruments to cut away the ingrown portion of the nail.

Partial nail avulsion is often recommended when the ingrown toenail is not too severe, and the nail can still be preserved to some extent. This procedure provides relatively quick relief and allows for a faster recovery compared to more extensive surgeries.

Total Nail Avulsion

Total nail avulsion involves the complete removal of the toenail. This procedure is typically recommended when the ingrown toenail is severe, recurrent, or when the entire nail is affected. During total nail avulsion, the surgeon removes the entire nail, including the ingrown portion and the nail matrix, which is the tissue responsible for nail growth.

While total nail avulsion may sound more invasive, it can be an effective solution for preventing the recurrence of ingrown toenails. However, it does result in the permanent loss of the toenail.

Wedge Resection

Wedge resection is a surgical technique that involves the removal of a V-shaped wedge of the toenail and the underlying nail bed. This procedure is often used when there is a chronic ingrown toenail with a significant nail fold abnormality. By removing the wedge, the surgeon aims to correct the nail’s growth trajectory.

Wedge resection is performed under local anesthesia, and the removed tissue is sent for histopathological examination to rule out any underlying conditions.

Matrixectomy

Matrixectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal or destruction of the nail matrix, the tissue responsible for nail growth. By doing so, the surgeon ensures that the ingrown portion of the nail does not regrow. Matrixectomy is often recommended for cases of severe or recurrent ingrown toenails.

This procedure can be performed using various methods, including chemical cauterization, laser therapy, or surgical excision. The choice of method depends on the surgeon’s preference and the patient’s specific needs.

3. Benefits of Ingrown Toenail Surgery

Ingrown toenail surgery offers several benefits that can significantly improve the patient’s quality of life. Some of the key advantages include:

Immediate Pain Relief

One of the most immediate benefits of ingrown toenail surgery is the relief from pain and discomfort. The removal of the ingrown portion of the nail or the entire nail eliminates the source of pressure and irritation on the surrounding skin. Patients often experience a significant reduction in pain immediately after the procedure.

Prevention of Infections

Ingrown toenails are prone to infection, which can lead to more serious complications if left untreated. Surgical intervention not only removes the ingrown nail but also reduces the risk of infection. Proper wound care and antibiotics, if prescribed, further minimize the chances of postoperative infection.

Permanent Nail Correction

In cases where the nail matrix is removed or altered, ingrown toenail surgery can provide a permanent solution. This means that the patient is less likely to experience recurring ingrown toenails in the future. The correction of nail growth abnormalities ensures that the nail grows correctly and does not dig into the

surrounding skin.

Improved Quality of Life

Ingrown toenails can be debilitating, affecting a person’s ability to walk, wear shoes comfortably, and engage in daily activities. Surgery not only relieves pain but also restores normal function to the affected toe. This improvement in quality of life can be particularly significant for individuals who have been suffering from chronic ingrown toenails.

4. Risks and Complications

While ingrown toenail surgery offers many benefits, it is essential to be aware of potential risks and complications associated with the procedure. Some of the risks include:

Infection

Although surgery reduces the risk of infection compared to leaving an ingrown toenail untreated, there is still a small chance of infection following the procedure. Patients are typically prescribed antibiotics and instructed on proper wound care to minimize this risk.

Recurrence

In some cases, ingrown toenails may recur even after surgery. This can happen if the nail matrix was not completely removed or if there are underlying factors, such as genetics or foot structure, that contribute to the recurrence.

Nail Regrowth Abnormalities

Alterations to the nail matrix during surgery can sometimes lead to nail regrowth abnormalities. This may result in a deformed or thickened toenail. While this is not a common complication, it is a possibility that patients should be aware of.

Allergic Reactions

Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to the materials used during surgery, such as local anesthetics or antiseptics. It is crucial to inform your surgeon of any allergies or sensitivities before the procedure to minimize this risk.

It’s important to note that while these risks exist, the vast majority of ingrown toenail surgeries are successful with minimal complications. Your surgeon will discuss the potential risks and benefits with you before the procedure, and they will take steps to minimize these risks.

5. Preparing for Ingrown Toenail Surgery

Choosing the Right Surgeon

Selecting a qualified and experienced surgeon is a crucial step in preparing for ingrown toenail surgery. Look for a podiatrist or foot specialist who has a track record of successful surgeries and positive patient outcomes. You can ask for recommendations from your primary care physician or seek referrals from friends and family who may have undergone similar procedures.

When meeting with potential surgeons, don’t hesitate to ask questions about their experience, the surgical techniques they use, and the outcomes they typically achieve. A skilled surgeon will provide you with a clear understanding of the procedure and what to expect.

Preoperative Instructions

Before the surgery, your surgeon will provide you with specific preoperative instructions to ensure a smooth and successful procedure. These instructions may include:

Fasting: You may be required to refrain from eating or drinking for a certain period before the surgery, typically 6 to 8 hours.
Medication: Inform your surgeon about any medications or supplements you are currently taking. Some medications may need to be adjusted or temporarily discontinued before the surgery.
Foot hygiene: Keeping the foot clean and free from infection is essential. Follow your surgeon’s recommendations for cleaning and caring for the affected toe before the surgery.
Transportation: Arrange for someone to drive you home after the surgery, as you may be unable to operate a vehicle immediately after the procedure due to the effects of anesthesia.

What to Expect on the Day of Surgery

On the day of your ingrown toenail surgery, you should arrive at the surgical facility or clinic with ample time before the scheduled procedure. Here’s what you can expect:

Check-in: You’ll be asked to check in at the reception desk, where you may need to fill out paperwork and provide insurance information.
Preoperative preparations: A nurse or surgical staff member will guide you to a preparation area where you’ll change into a surgical gown and, if necessary, receive an intravenous (IV) line for fluids and medication.
Anesthesia: Depending on the surgical technique and your preferences, you’ll receive either local anesthesia (numbing only the affected area) or general anesthesia (putting you to sleep for the duration of the procedure). Your surgeon and anesthesiologist will discuss the anesthesia option with you before the surgery.
Surgery: Once you are adequately numbed or sedated, the surgeon will perform the necessary surgical procedure. The length of the surgery varies depending on the technique used and the complexity of the case.
Recovery: After the surgery, you’ll spend some time in a recovery area where your vital signs will be monitored. This period allows the anesthesia to wear off, and you’ll be observed for any immediate postoperative issues.
Discharge: Once you are fully awake and stable, and if there are no complications, you will be discharged with instructions for postoperative care and follow-up appointments.

6. The Surgical Procedure

Anesthesia Options

The choice of anesthesia for ingrown toenail surgery depends on the patient’s comfort level, the surgeon’s preference, and the complexity of the procedure. The two main types of anesthesia used for this surgery are:

Local Anesthesia

What it does: Local anesthesia numbs only the affected area, allowing the patient to remain awake and aware during the procedure.
Advantages: It is generally safer than general anesthesia, has a quicker recovery time, and does not require fasting before the surgery.
Disadvantages: Patients may still feel pressure and some minor discomfort during the surgery.

General Anesthesia

What it does: General anesthesia induces a state of unconsciousness, and the patient remains unaware and pain-free throughout the procedure.
Advantages: It eliminates any pain or discomfort during the surgery and allows the surgeon to work without interruptions.
Disadvantages: General anesthesia carries a slightly higher risk than local anesthesia and may require fasting before the surgery.

Your surgeon and anesthesiologist will discuss the anesthesia options with you, taking into consideration your medical history, preferences, and the complexity of the surgery.

Surgical Techniques

The specific surgical technique used in ingrown toenail surgery depends on the patient’s condition and the surgeon’s expertise. Here is an overview of the common surgical techniques:

Partial Nail Avulsion

The surgeon starts by cleaning the affected toe and applying a sterile drape to maintain a sterile field.
Local anesthesia is administered to numb the toe, ensuring that the patient does not feel pain during the procedure.
Using specialized instruments, the surgeon carefully removes the ingrown portion of the toenail. This is typically done by making an incision along the edge of the nail and lifting it away from the skin.
After the ingrown nail is removed, the surgeon may apply a chemical called phenol to the nail matrix to prevent regrowth of the ingrown portion.
The toe is then dressed with a sterile bandage or dressing.

Total Nail Avulsion

Similar to partial nail avulsion, total nail avulsion begins with cleaning the affected area and applying a sterile drape.
Local anesthesia is administered to ensure the patient’s comfort during the procedure.
The surgeon carefully removes the entire toenail, including the nail plate and the nail matrix. This ensures that the ingrown portion is completely eliminated.
The exposed nail bed is often treated with phenol to prevent regrowth of the nail.
The toe is dressed with a sterile bandage or dressing.

Wedge Resection

The surgical site is prepared with thorough cleaning and sterile draping.
Local anesthesia is administered to numb the area, ensuring that the patient does not experience pain.
The surgeon makes an incision along the edge of the toenail, removing a V-shaped wedge of the nail and the underlying tissue.
The tissue is sent for histopathological examination to rule out any underlying conditions.
The incision is closed with sutures, and a sterile dressing is applied.

Matrixectomy

After the surgical site is prepared and draped, local anesthesia is administered to numb the area.
Depending on the chosen method (chemical cauterization, laser therapy, or surgical excision), the surgeon removes or alters the nail matrix tissue to prevent regrowth of the ingrown nail.
The surgeon may also treat the nail matrix with phenol or another substance to ensure that it does not regenerate the ingrown nail.
A sterile dressing is applied to the toe after the procedure.

The choice of surgical technique is determined by the severity of the ingrown toenail, the patient’s medical history, and the surgeon’s expertise. Your surgeon will discuss the most suitable option for your case during your consultation.

Duration of Surgery

The length of ingrown toenail surgery can vary depending on several factors, including the complexity of the procedure, the surgeon’s experience, and whether one or both toes require treatment. In general, most ingrown toenail surgeries can be completed in under an hour.

Partial nail avulsion and total nail avulsion tend to be quicker procedures, often taking around 15 to 30 minutes. Wedge resection and matrixectomy may take a bit longer due to the need for more precise tissue removal and closure techniques.

It’s important to note that the time spent in the surgical suite is just one part of the overall process. Patients should also factor in the time required for preoperative preparations, anesthesia administration, recovery, and postoperative instructions.

7. Recovery and Aftercare

Postoperative Pain Management

After ingrown toenail surgery, it’s common to experience some level of discomfort or pain. The degree of pain varies from person to person and can depend on the surgical technique used. To manage postoperative pain, patients can:

Take pain medications: Your surgeon may prescribe pain relievers to help manage any discomfort. Follow the dosing instructions carefully and inform your healthcare provider of any allergies or adverse reactions to medications.
Elevate the foot: Keeping the affected foot elevated can help reduce swelling and alleviate pain.
Apply ice: Applying an ice pack wrapped in a thin cloth to the surgical site for short intervals can help minimize swelling and provide relief.
Rest and limit activity: It’s essential to rest and avoid putting undue pressure on the operated toe during the initial days of recovery.

Dressing and Bandaging

After ingrown toenail surgery, the surgical site is typically covered with a sterile dressing or bandage. It’s crucial to keep this dressing clean and dry to prevent infection and promote proper healing. Your surgeon will provide specific instructions on when and how to change the dressing.

In some cases, a waterproof or semi-permeable dressing may be used, allowing patients to shower without getting the dressing wet. However, it’s essential to follow your surgeon’s guidance regarding wound care to avoid complications.

Keeping the Area Clean

Maintaining good hygiene is crucial during the recovery period. Patients should:

Keep the surgical site clean and dry.
Avoid submerging the toe in water until cleared by the surgeon.
Gently clean the toe with mild soap and water when necessary, taking care not to disrupt the dressing or sutures.
Apply any prescribed topical medications as directed.

It’s important to follow your surgeon’s specific postoperative care instructions to ensure proper healing and reduce the risk of infection.

Monitoring for Complications

While most ingrown toenail surgeries are successful with minimal complications, it’s essential to be vigilant during the recovery process. Contact your surgeon if you experience any of the following:

Signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, pain, or discharge from the surgical site.
Persistent or worsening pain that is not relieved by prescribed pain medications.
Signs of an allergic reaction to medications, such as hives, itching, or difficulty breathing.
Sudden changes in the appearance of the surgical site, such as increased bleeding or drainage.

Your surgeon will provide contact information for emergencies and postoperative concerns, and they will schedule follow-up appointments to monitor your progress and remove any sutures or dressings as needed.

8. Expected Results

Nail Regrowth

After ingrown toenail surgery, patients can expect the toenail to gradually regrow. The timeline for nail regrowth can vary from person to person but typically ranges from several weeks to several months. The appearance of the regrown nail should be normal, with no ingrown or deformed portions.

In cases where a matrixectomy was performed, the regrown nail may appear thinner or different in texture than the original nail. However, it should not cause discomfort or lead to another ingrown toenail.

Scarring

Scarring following ingrown toenail surgery is generally minimal and often barely noticeable. The surgical incisions are typically small and well-hidden along the edge of the nail. Proper wound care and following postoperative instructions can help minimize scarring.

Lifestyle Improvements

One of the significant benefits of ingrown toenail surgery is the improvement in the patient’s quality of life. With the ingrown portion of the nail removed or prevented from regrowing, patients can enjoy:

Pain-free walking and wearing shoes.
Reduced risk of infection and complications.
An overall better quality of life without the constant discomfort of ingrown toenails.

While surgery does require some recovery time and aftercare, the long-term benefits make it a worthwhile solution for many individuals suffering from chronic ingrown toenails.

9. Alternatives to Surgery

While ingrown toenail surgery is an effective solution for many cases, some individuals may prefer to explore alternatives before opting for a surgical procedure. Here are some non-surgical options for managing ingrown toenails:

Home Remedies

Mild cases of ingrown toenails can often be managed at home with the following remedies:

Soaking the foot in warm, soapy water to soften the nail and reduce inflammation.
Gently lifting the ingrown edge of the nail with a sterile instrument and placing a small piece of cotton or dental floss under the nail to encourage it to grow above the skin.
Applying over-the-counter antibiotic ointments to prevent infection.
Wearing open-toed shoes or sandals to relieve pressure on the affected toe.

It’s important to note that home remedies are generally most effective for early-stage ingrown toenails and may not provide long-term relief for severe or recurrent cases.

Over-the-Counter Treatments

Several over-the-counter products are available for managing ingrown toenails. These products typically include special nail clippers, nail lifts, and adhesives designed to lift the ingrown portion of the nail. While these products can be helpful for some individuals, they may not be suitable for severe cases.

Prescription Medications

In cases where infection is present, a healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection. While antibiotics can address the infection, they do not correct the underlying nail issue. Therefore, they are usually used in combination with other treatments.

Orthopedic Devices

Orthopedic devices

, such as splints or braces, may be recommended to help straighten the toenail and prevent it from growing into the skin. These devices can be particularly useful for individuals with recurring ingrown toenails.

It’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider or podiatrist to determine the most appropriate treatment for your specific case. In some instances, surgery may still be the best long-term solution to prevent recurrent ingrown toenails.

10. Frequently Asked Questions

Can Ingrown Toenails Heal on Their Own?

Mild cases of ingrown toenails may resolve on their own with proper care, such as soaking the foot in warm water and lifting the ingrown edge of the nail. However, more severe or recurrent cases often require medical intervention, including surgery, to prevent complications and provide lasting relief.

How Long Does Recovery Take?

The recovery time following ingrown toenail surgery can vary depending on the surgical technique used and individual factors. In general, patients can expect some discomfort and swelling for a few days to a week after the surgery. Full recovery, including regrowth of the nail, typically takes several weeks to several months.

Is Ingrown Toenail Surgery Painful?

During ingrown toenail surgery, patients should not experience pain, as local anesthesia is used to numb the affected area. However, it is common to feel some discomfort or pressure during the procedure. After the surgery, patients may experience varying levels of postoperative pain, which can be managed with prescribed pain medications and other pain relief methods.

What If the Ingrown Toenail Returns?

In some cases, ingrown toenails may return even after surgery. This can happen if the nail matrix was not completely removed or if there are underlying factors, such as genetics or foot structure, that contribute to the recurrence. If an ingrown toenail returns, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and treatment options.

11. Conclusion

Ingrown toenail surgery is a valuable and effective solution for individuals suffering from the pain and discomfort of ingrown toenails. With various surgical techniques available, patients can receive customized treatment to address their specific needs and severity of the condition. The benefits of surgery, including immediate pain relief, prevention of infections, and improved quality of life, make it a worthwhile option for those struggling with ingrown toenails.

If you are considering ingrown toenail surgery, it is essential to consult with a qualified and experienced surgeon who can assess your condition and provide guidance on the most suitable treatment plan. By taking proactive steps and following postoperative care instructions, you can look forward to a future free from the discomfort and limitations of ingrown toenails.